Uses and applications of tungsten
Release time:
2024/09/07
Tungsten, English name: wolfram/tungsten, element symbol W, atomic number 74 in the periodic table, is a VIB group metal. The density is 19.35g/cm3, which is close to gold, with a melting point of 3422 ℃ and a boiling point of 5927 ℃. Tungsten is a silvery white metal, shaped like steel, melting point of all metal elements in the highest, slow evaporation. Tungsten is widely used in alloy, electronics, chemical industry and other fields because of its high melting point, high hardness, high density, good electrical and thermal conductivity, small expansion coefficient and other characteristics.
Tungsten and tungsten alloys are widely used. Tungsten is one of the most important functional materials in modern industry, national defense and high-tech applications, and is widely used in aerospace, atomic energy, shipbuilding, automobile industry, electrical industry, electronics industry, chemical industry and many other fields. Tungsten is mostly used in the production of cemented carbide and ferrotungsten. Tungsten and chromium, molybdenum, cobalt composition of heat-resistant and wear-resistant alloys used in the production of cutting tools, gas turbine blades and combustion tubes. Tungsten can be refractory alloys with tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, etc. Tungsten copper and tungsten silver alloys are used as electrical contact materials. High-density tungsten-nickel-copper alloy is used as a protective screen against radiation. Metal tungsten wire, rod, sheet, etc. are used to make electric bulbs, parts of electron tubes, and electrodes for arc welding.
Tungsten is widely used in modern industry in the state of pure metal and in the state of alloy system. The most important in the state of alloy system is alloy steel, cemented carbide based on tungsten carbide, wear-resistant and strong thermal alloy. Tungsten is mainly used in the following industrial fields.
equipment manufacturing industry
Tungsten's high hardness and good wear resistance make tungsten the best material for manufacturing industrial molds. With the continuous trembling of the tungsten alloy industry, new cemented carbide products have been developed and produced. Tungsten alloy has become increasingly prominent in the mold manufacturing industry and has become an indispensable material for the equipment manufacturing industry. In addition to making molds, tungsten is mainly used in the equipment manufacturing industry, and it also occupies an important position in other fields of the national economy.
military industry
For example, the pressure-resistant and heat-resistant parts of gunpowder in guns, guns, tanks and other weapons and equipment are made of tungsten steel. The combustion chamber, fuel nozzle, turbine guide blade and turbine rotor blade of aviation jet engine are all made of tungsten alloy. The skin material of rockets, missiles and satellites is made of tungsten-containing high-temperature resistant alloy. The armor-piercing bullet made of high-density tungsten alloy can improve the performance of shells; gyroscope is the heart of the navigation and control system of aircraft, ships and rockets. The inertial element of gyroscope made of high specific gravity tungsten alloy can improve the stability and control accuracy of the instrument, such as the wing, steering rudder and horizontal tail wing of the aircraft. In some aircraft, the high specific gravity tungsten alloy used for counterweight reaches several hundred kilograms. Tungsten alloy materials are of great significance to the development of modern aerospace, aviation and navigation.
iron and steel industry
Tungsten is an important alloying element in the steel industry, which can improve the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of steel. Tungsten carbide (tungsten carbide), high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance, used in the manufacture of drill bits, tools and high temperature resistant parts. Tungsten copper (or tungsten silver) alloy containing 60 ~ 90% tungsten is an excellent contact material, which can be used as key, knife switch, circuit breaker and spot welding electrode. Tungsten nickel copper alloy can be used as a protective screen for alpha and gamma rays. In rocket engines, uncooled nozzles made of tungsten can withstand high temperatures of 3127°C and withstand high pressures and high thermal stresses. In the lighting and electronics industry as a luminescent material and X-ray cathode target. Can also be used as high temperature resistance furnace heating body. Tungsten and tungsten rhenium (26%) alloy composed of thermocouple, can measure the temperature range from room temperature to 2835 ℃. Two tungsten selenide can be used as a lubricant for senior lubricating bearings, and its lubricating temperature range is -217~350 ℃. The compound pigment of tungsten has a brighter luster and is durable.
tungsten carbide based hard alloy
Tungsten carbide has the characteristics of high hardness, strong wear resistance and high refractory. These alloys contain 85% to 95% tungsten carbide and 5% to 14% cobalt. Cobalt is the binder metal, which gives the alloy the necessary strength. Some alloys mainly used for processing steel also contain carbides of titanium, tantalum and niobium. All of these alloys are made by powder metallurgy. When heated to 1000~1100 ℃, they still have high hardness and wear resistance. The cutting speed of carbide tools far exceeds the cutting speed of the best tool steel tools. Cemented carbide is mainly used in the manufacture of cutting tools, mining tools and wire drawing dies.
Heat-strong and wear-resistant alloys
Tungsten, as the most refractory metal, is the component of many hot-strong alloys, such as alloys composed of 3% ~ 15% tungsten, 25% ~ 35% chromium, 45% ~ 65% cobalt and 0.5~2.75 carbon. It is mainly used for strongly wear-resistant parts, such as valves of aero-engines, working parts of die-pressing hot cutters, turbine impellers, excavation equipment and surface coatings of ploughshares. In aviation and rocket technology, as well as in other sectors requiring high thermal strength of machine parts, engines and some instruments, alloys of tungsten and other donor metals (tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, rhenium) are used as hot-strength materials.
Contact materials and high specific gravity alloys
The contact materials and high specific gravity alloys are tungsten-copper (10% to 40% copper) and tungsten-silver alloys manufactured by powder metallurgy methods, which have the good electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and wear resistance of copper and silver. Therefore, it becomes a very effective contact material for manufacturing working parts of knife switches, circuit breakers, spot welding electrodes, etc. The composition is 90% ~ 95% tungsten, 1% ~ 6% nickel, 1% ~ 4% copper high specific gravity alloy, as well as iron copper (~ 5%) alloy, used in the manufacture of gyroscope rotor, aircraft, control rudder balance hammer, radioactive isotope radiation shield and basket, etc.
electric vacuum lighting material
Tungsten is used in electron tube production, radio electronics and X-ray technology as tungsten wire, tungsten tape and various forged components. Tungsten is the best material for making white lamps and spirals. The high operating temperature (2200~2500 ℃) ensures high luminous efficiency, while the small evaporation speed ensures long life of the filament. Tungsten wire is used to manufacture the direct hot cathode and grid of electronic oscillation tube, the cathode of high voltage rectifier and the side hot cathode heater in various electronic instruments. Tungsten is used as the cathode and cathode of X-ray tube and gas discharge tube, as well as the contact of radio equipment and the electrode of atomic hydrogen welding gun. Tungsten wire and tungsten rod as a high temperature furnace (up to 3000 ℃) heater, tungsten heater in hydrogen atmosphere, inert atmosphere or vacuum operation.
compounds of tungsten
Compounds of tungsten such as sodium tungstate are used in the production of certain types of paints and pigments, and in the textile industry for cloth weighting and mixing with ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate to make fire-resistant and waterproof cloth. Also used in the manufacture of metal tungsten, tungstic acid and tungstate, as well as dyes, pigments, inks, electroplating and so on. Also used as a catalyst and the like. Tungstic acid is used as a mordant and dye in the textile industry and as a catalyst for the production of high octane gasoline in the chemical industry. Tungsten disulfide is used as a solid lubricant and catalyst in organic synthesis, such as in the production of synthetic gasoline.
It is these properties of tungsten that make tungsten a key research object in the field of material research in nuclear fusion reaction devices, especially the retention of hydrogen and its isotopes in tungsten is the forefront of research.
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